Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant threats to global food security, particularly in developing regions where agriculture forms the backbone of livelihoods. The integration of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and precision agriculture technologies represents a transformative approach to ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity while mitigating environmental degradation. This review explores the synergistic potential of combining CSA practices—such as conservation tillage, crop diversification, and water-efficient irrigation—with precision technologies including remote sensing, drones, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT). The article examines how this convergence enhances productivity, optimizes input use, and builds resilience against climatic shocks. It also discusses the economic and social implications of technological adoption in both smallholder and large-scale systems. Despite its promise, barriers such as high implementation costs, data privacy concerns, limited digital literacy, and inadequate policy support hinder widespread integration. Future pathways emphasize the need for inclusive digital platforms, climate-resilient policies, and capacity-building programs that empower farmers to harness technology for sustainable food systems. This integrated approach is vital for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those addressing zero hunger, climate action, and responsible resource use.