Introduction Agricultural productivity is continuously threatened by insects, weeds, fungi, bacteria, and other plant pathogens that cause significant crop losses worldwide [1,2]. Conventional chemical pesticides have played an essential role…
. Introduction Agriculture is fundamental to global food production, economic development, and environmental sustainability. However, modern agricultural systems face unprecedented challenges arising from rapid population growth, climate change, declining soil…
Introduction Horticultural crops, particularly fruits, play a crucial role in global food security, human nutrition, and agricultural economies. Fruits are rich sources of essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber,…
1. Introduction Water resources are under increasing pressure due to rapid population growth, climate change, and expanding agricultural activities. Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater consumption, making efficient…