Introduction Agricultural productivity is continuously threatened by insects, weeds, fungi, bacteria, and other plant pathogens that cause significant crop losses worldwide [1,2]. Conventional chemical pesticides have played an essential role…
1. Introduction Water resources are under increasing pressure due to rapid population growth, climate change, and expanding agricultural activities. Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater consumption, making efficient…
1. Introduction Food security remains one of the most important global development priorities because it directly influences human health, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social stability. According to the widely…
Introduction Agriculture is the backbone of global food production and plays a critical role in ensuring food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. However, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers…
1. Introduction Agriculture remains one of the most important sectors supporting human livelihoods, economic development, and global food production. However, agricultural productivity is increasingly threatened by insect pests, phytopathogens, weeds,…
Introduction Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century, with profound implications for environmental sustainability, food security, and socio-economic stability. Increasing concentrations…