The future of space exploration is increasingly shaped by engineering breakthroughs in propulsion systems, habitat design, and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). As humanity expands its presence beyond Earth, innovations in propulsion aim to reduce travel time and increase mission efficiency, while advanced habitat technologies focus on sustaining human life in hostile extraterrestrial environments. Simultaneously, resource utilization strategies—such as extracting water from lunar regolith or mining asteroids for metals—hold the potential to reduce dependence on Earth-based resupply. This paper explores the technological drivers, engineering challenges, and societal implications of next-generation space exploration, analyzing how integrated approaches in propulsion, habitats, and ISRU can accelerate humanity’s transition to a multi-planetary species.