The global economy is undergoing rapid and multidimensional transformation driven by technological innovation, shifting geopolitical relations, evolving trade structures, and rising macroeconomic uncertainties. This article provides a comprehensive review of these changes, highlighting the reconfiguration of globalization, the accelerating rise of the digital economy, persistent policy challenges, shifting centers of economic power, and the growing influence of sustainability concerns. Understanding these developments is essential for policymakers, businesses, and researchers seeking to adapt to an increasingly complex and interconnected economic environment.