1. Introduction The contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals is one of the most serious environmental problems threatening the global food production system. Among toxic heavy metals, chromium (Cr)…
Introduction Global agriculture is increasingly threatened by climate change-induced abiotic stresses, among which heat and drought are considered the most detrimental factors limiting crop productivity. Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall…
Introduction The relationship between diet and human health has become a major focus of scientific research over the last few decades. The increasing global burden of chronic non-communicable diseases, including…
1. Introduction Global agriculture is facing significant challenges due to population growth, climate change, declining soil fertility, and environmental degradation. The demand for food is increasing rapidly as the world…
Introduction Agricultural productivity is continuously threatened by insects, weeds, fungi, bacteria, and other plant pathogens that cause significant crop losses worldwide [1,2]. Conventional chemical pesticides have played an essential role…
. Introduction Agriculture is fundamental to global food production, economic development, and environmental sustainability. However, modern agricultural systems face unprecedented challenges arising from rapid population growth, climate change, declining soil…
Introduction Horticultural crops, particularly fruits, play a crucial role in global food security, human nutrition, and agricultural economies. Fruits are rich sources of essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber,…
1. Introduction Water resources are under increasing pressure due to rapid population growth, climate change, and expanding agricultural activities. Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater consumption, making efficient…
1. Introduction Roots constitute one of the most essential yet least visible components of plant systems, playing a central role in determining plant survival, productivity, and adaptation to environmental conditions.…
1. Introduction The prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and metabolic syndrome, has increased dramatically worldwide over recent decades. Traditionally, these conditions were attributed…