Introduction The widespread adoption of smartphones across the globe has brought about significant changes in the world of digital forensics. As the number of smartphone users around the world is…
INTRODUCTION The rapid expansion of digital technology has transformed everyday life, enabling billions of users worldwide to communicate, conduct financial transactions, and exchange information over electronic platforms. However, this digital…
Introduction Artificial intelligence, or AI, is defined as robots that mimic the intellectual behaviour of humans, such as thinking, learning, reasoning and planning. A typical AI system is made up…
Introduction The engineering sector is embryonic at an unprecedented stride, driven by high-tech evolutions and innovative approaches [1]. This sector is famous for its traditional systems and leisurely adoption of…
Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the most transformative technologies of the twenty-first century, fundamentally changing the way humans interact with data, machines, and decision-making systems. From healthcare…
Introduction Modern engineering and scientific systems increasingly operate under conditions characterized by uncertainty, incomplete information, nonlinear relationships, and dynamic environments. Conventional computational methods based on precise mathematical models and binary…
1. Introduction The rapid growth of digital technologies has created increasingly complex communication networks and intelligent systems that require efficient mathematical models for analysis and optimization. Graph theory, network optimization,…