1. Introduction Environmental pollution has become one of the most significant global challenges due to rapid industrial development, urban expansion, agricultural intensification, and increasing consumption of synthetic chemicals. Industrial wastewater,…
1. Introduction Climate change is increasingly recognized as one of the most significant environmental and public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Global warming resulting from increased greenhouse gas emissions…
Introduction Water is one of the most essential and multi-useful resources, as it covers a primary biological necessity. Access to clean drinking water is not just a survival requirement physically,…
1. Introduction Environmental pollution and energy insecurity have become two of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century. Rapid industrial growth, expanding urban populations, excessive consumption of fossil…
1. Introduction Horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, and medicinal plants, play a vital role in ensuring nutritional security and generating rural income [1]. However, climate change is increasingly…
1. Introduction Tourism has become an essential driver of economic growth and social development across the world. According to international estimates, the tourism industry contributes substantially to global gross domestic…
1. Introduction Endophytic fungi are an important and diverse group of microorganisms that live within healthy plant tissues for at least part of their life cycle without producing visible symptoms…
1. Introduction Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, genomic instability, altered metabolism, resistance to apoptosis, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and establish…
1. Introduction The global horticulture industry relies heavily on soilless growing media to achieve consistent crop quality, high yields, and efficient resource use. Among these substrates, peat-based growing media have…
1. Introduction Plants constantly interact with diverse fungal communities inhabiting the rhizosphere, spermosphere, internal tissues, and surrounding soil. These fungi can have varied impacts on their hosts: some form beneficial…