1. Introduction Environmental pollution has emerged as one of the most serious global challenges, threatening biodiversity, ecosystem services, agricultural productivity, and human health. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, mining activities, excessive pesticide…
1. Introduction Cancer represents a major global health challenge, accounting for millions of new cases and deaths annually. The disease is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, genetic instability, resistance to…
Introduction Natural products have served as one of the most important sources of therapeutic agents throughout human history, contributing substantially to the discovery and development of modern pharmaceuticals. Plants produce…
1. Introduction Agriculture has continuously evolved through scientific innovation to meet the nutritional demands of an expanding global population. Conventional breeding methods have contributed substantially to crop improvement over the…
1. Introduction Global climate change has significantly increased the occurrence and intensity of heat stress, posing a serious threat to agricultural productivity and food security. Elevated temperatures negatively affect plant…
Introduction Human cytogenetics is a specialized branch of genetics that investigates chromosome structure, function, inheritance, and abnormalities associated with human disease. Chromosomes carry the genetic information necessary for normal cellular…
1. Introduction Agriculture worldwide is increasingly threatened by unfavorable environmental conditions that adversely affect crop growth and productivity. Abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, high temperature, low temperature, flooding, and nutrient…