Introduction 1.1 Motivation and Scope Chemical graph theory provides a mathematical representation of molecular structures in which atoms are represented by vertices and chemical bonds by edges. Distance-based graph parameters can…
1. INTRODUCTION The secured transportation of private packages, including exam papers, legal documents, financial records, medical reports and other sensitive materials, has been become increasingly important in modern logistic and…
1. Introduction The rapid increase in global energy demand, population growth, industrialization, and urbanization has intensified the need for sustainable energy technologies capable of reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Conventional…
1. Introduction Rapid urbanization, population growth, and technological advancement have significantly increased the demand for intelligent, resilient, and sustainable urban infrastructure. Cities around the world are facing challenges related to…
1. Introduction Engineering systems have become increasingly complex due to rapid technological advancement, globalization, increased product customization, stringent quality requirements, and sustainability concerns. Modern industries must simultaneously minimize production costs,…
1. Introduction The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics into sports science has revolutionized modern athletic training, coaching methodologies, physical education systems, and performance monitoring strategies. Over the…