Introduction Agricultural productivity is continuously threatened by insects, weeds, fungi, bacteria, and other plant pathogens that cause significant crop losses worldwide [1,2]. Conventional chemical pesticides have played an essential role…
. Introduction Agriculture is fundamental to global food production, economic development, and environmental sustainability. However, modern agricultural systems face unprecedented challenges arising from rapid population growth, climate change, declining soil…
Introduction Horticultural crops, particularly fruits, play a crucial role in global food security, human nutrition, and agricultural economies. Fruits are rich sources of essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber,…
1. Introduction Water resources are under increasing pressure due to rapid population growth, climate change, and expanding agricultural activities. Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global freshwater consumption, making efficient…
1. Introduction Roots constitute one of the most essential yet least visible components of plant systems, playing a central role in determining plant survival, productivity, and adaptation to environmental conditions.…
1. Introduction Plants form the foundation of human food systems and are essential components of life-support strategies for future long-duration space missions. However, terrestrial plant evolution has occurred entirely under…
1. Introduction Horticultural crops are highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations, making them vulnerable to climatic stresses such as high temperatures, frost, drought, heavy rainfall, and increased pest and disease incidence…
Introduction Millets have gained renewed scientific and commercial interest because of their nutritional value, environmental adaptability, and potential contribution to sustainable food systems. Finger millet, pearl millet, foxtail millet, little…
Introduction Millets are ancient cereal crops that have traditionally contributed to human diets in Asia and Africa. In recent years, their importance has increased because of growing interest in climate-resilient…