1. Introduction Plants are continuously exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses, including drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, nutrient deficiencies, heavy metal toxicity, and pathogen attacks. These biotic and abiotic…
Introduction Neonatal jaundice is one of the most frequently encountered clinical conditions in newborn nurseries, primarily due to elevated serum bilirubin levels exceeding 5 mg/dL. While often benign and self-limiting,…
1. Introduction Recently, cancer therapy has shifted dramatically from non-specific cytotoxic chemotherapy toward precision medicine that targets molecular aberrations within tumors. Molecularly targeted agents disrupt oncogenic proteins or signaling pathways…
Introduction Environmental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons remains a critical global challenge, particularly in developing countries where industrial and domestic activities increasingly introduce toxic organic pollutants into natural water bodies [1].…
Introduction Global agricultural productivity is severely constrained by plant diseases, which account for significant annual yield losses worldwide. Early detection is essential to prevent epidemic spread and reduce economic damage.…
1. Introduction Environmental pollution has emerged as one of the most serious global challenges, threatening biodiversity, ecosystem services, agricultural productivity, and human health. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, mining activities, excessive pesticide…
1. Introduction Cancer represents a major global health challenge, accounting for millions of new cases and deaths annually. The disease is characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, genetic instability, resistance to…
Introduction Natural products have served as one of the most important sources of therapeutic agents throughout human history, contributing substantially to the discovery and development of modern pharmaceuticals. Plants produce…
1. Introduction Agriculture has continuously evolved through scientific innovation to meet the nutritional demands of an expanding global population. Conventional breeding methods have contributed substantially to crop improvement over the…
1. Introduction Global climate change has significantly increased the occurrence and intensity of heat stress, posing a serious threat to agricultural productivity and food security. Elevated temperatures negatively affect plant…