1. Introduction Cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation, genomic instability, altered metabolism, resistance to apoptosis, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and establish…
1. Introduction The global horticulture industry relies heavily on soilless growing media to achieve consistent crop quality, high yields, and efficient resource use. Among these substrates, peat-based growing media have…
1. Introduction Plants constantly interact with diverse fungal communities inhabiting the rhizosphere, spermosphere, internal tissues, and surrounding soil. These fungi can have varied impacts on their hosts: some form beneficial…
1. Introduction Water pollution has become one of the most critical environmental problems affecting public health, biodiversity, agricultural productivity, and sustainable economic development. Rapid industrial expansion, mining activities, pharmaceutical manufacturing,…
1. Introduction Rapid industrial growth, expanding urban populations, and intensive agricultural activities have significantly increased environmental pollution worldwide. Large quantities of heavy metals, synthetic dyes, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, antibiotics, petroleum…
Introduction Horticultural crops play a vital role in global agriculture by contributing significantly to human nutrition, health, income generation, and employment. Fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, spices, and plantation crops provide essential…