Introduction Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen take a central role in the contemporary chemistry because of the high number of applications in pharmaceuticals, catalysis, and even complex materials. The terpyridines and…
1. Introduction Climate change has emerged as one of the most consequential environmental and socioeconomic challenges of the twenty-first century, profoundly altering Earth's climate system and threatening the sustainability of…
1. Introduction Horticulture plays a vital role in global food and nutritional security by supplying fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber [1]. However, horticultural crops…
1. Introduction Environmental pollution has become one of the most significant global challenges due to rapid industrial development, urban expansion, agricultural intensification, and increasing consumption of synthetic chemicals. Industrial wastewater,…
1. Introduction Climate change is increasingly recognized as one of the most significant environmental and public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Global warming resulting from increased greenhouse gas emissions…
Introduction Water is one of the most essential and multi-useful resources, as it covers a primary biological necessity. Access to clean drinking water is not just a survival requirement physically,…
1. Introduction Environmental pollution and energy insecurity have become two of the most pressing global challenges of the twenty-first century. Rapid industrial growth, expanding urban populations, excessive consumption of fossil…
1. Introduction Horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, and medicinal plants, play a vital role in ensuring nutritional security and generating rural income [1]. However, climate change is increasingly…
1. Introduction Tourism has become an essential driver of economic growth and social development across the world. According to international estimates, the tourism industry contributes substantially to global gross domestic…
1. Introduction Endophytic fungi are an important and diverse group of microorganisms that live within healthy plant tissues for at least part of their life cycle without producing visible symptoms…